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<title>Azriel Hildesheimer</title>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #ADD8E6; color:black;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Rabbi Dr.</div><div class="fn">Azriel Hildesheimer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption">Photograph of Azriel Hildesheimer</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data">Rabbi, Educator, Modern Orthodox Leader</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ADD8E6; color:black;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Azriel Hildesheimer</div><br><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1820-05-11</span>)</span>11 May 1820<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Halberstadt" title="Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a>, <a href="Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Province of Saxony</a>, <a href="Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 June 1899<span style="display:none">(1899-06-12)</span> (aged 79)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Henrietta Hirsch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Hirsch Hildesheimer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data">Rabbi Löb Glee Hildesheimer (father)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Halle-Wittenberg">University of Halle-Wittenberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Rabbi, Educator, Leader of Modern Orthodox Judaism</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ADD8E6; color:black;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ADD8E6; color:black;">Jewish leader</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Rabbi <a href="David_Zvi_Hoffmann" title="David Zvi Hoffmann">David Zvi Hoffmann</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Position</th><td class="infobox-data org">Rabbi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Synagogue</th><td class="infobox-data">Adass Jisroel (Berlin)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Position</th><td class="infobox-data">Founder and Rosh Yeshiva</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Yeshiva</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Hildesheimer_Rabbinical_Seminary" title="Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary">Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Position</th><td class="infobox-data label">Leader, Founder</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organisation</th><td class="infobox-data">Adass Jisroel, <a href="Hildesheimer_Rabbinical_Seminary" title="Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary">Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Began</th><td class="infobox-data">1869</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ended</th><td class="infobox-data">1899</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other</th><td class="infobox-data">Rabbi of Eisenstadt (1851–1869)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i><a href="Yahrtzeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahrtzeit">Yahrtzeit</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data">12 June 1899</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Wei%C3%9Fensee_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Weißensee Cemetery">Weißensee Cemetery</a>, Berlin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Semikhah" title="Semikhah">Semikhah</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rabbi <a href="Jacob_Ettlinger" title="Jacob Ettlinger">Jacob Ettlinger</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><b>Azriel Hildesheimer</b> (also Esriel and Israel, <a href="Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">עזריאל הילדעסהיימער</span>; 11 May 1820<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 12 June 1899) was a German <a href="Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> and leader of <a href="Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>. He is regarded as a pioneering moderniser of Orthodox Judaism in Germany and as a founder of <a href="Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div>

<p>Hildesheimer was born in <a href="Halberstadt" title="Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a>, <a href="Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Province of Saxony</a>, <a href="Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, the son of Rabbi Löb Glee Hildesheimer, a native of <a href="Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>, <a href="Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate of Hanover</a>, a city near Hanover. He attended the <i>Hasharat Zvi</i> school in Halberstadt, and, from age seventeen, the <a href="Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a> of Rabbi <a href="Jacob_Ettlinger" title="Jacob Ettlinger">Jacob Ettlinger</a> in <a href="Altona%2C_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a>; <i><a href="Hakham" title="Hakham">chacham</a></i> <a href="Isaac_Bernays" title="Isaac Bernays">Isaac Bernays</a> was one of his teachers and his model as a <a href="Maggid" title="Maggid">preacher</a>. While studying in yeshiva Hildesheimer also studied <a href="Classical_language" title="Classical language">classical languages</a>. In 1840 he returned to Halberstadt, took his <a href="Matriculation" title="Matriculation">diploma</a> at the public Königliches <a href="Halberstadt_Cathedral" title="Halberstadt Cathedral">Dom</a>-<a href="Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">Gymnasium</a>, and entered the <a href="University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>; he became a disciple of the dominant <a href="Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegelian</a> school. He studied <a href="Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> and <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, and continued his study in <a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. In 1842 he went to <a href="Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle upon Saale</a> where he earned his doctorate from the <a href="Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg">University of Halle-Wittenberg</a> in 1844 under <a href="Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Wilhelm Gesenius</a> and <a href="Emil_R%C3%B6diger" title="Emil Rödiger">Emil Rödiger</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ueber die rechte Art der Bibelinterpretation</i></span></i>, English: <i>On the Right Kind of Bible Interpretation</i>). He then returned to Halberstadt, where he married Henrietta Hirsch, whose dowry made them financially independent.

</p><p>In 1851 he became <a href="Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> of <a href="Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a> (Kis Marton), <a href="Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1538%E2%80%931867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1538–1867)">Hungary</a> (now located in Austria); the principal city of the <a href="Siebengemeinden" title="Siebengemeinden">Siebengemeinden</a> or <i>Sheva kehillot</i>. His first notable act there was to found a <a href="Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">parochial school</a>, where correct German was used, and modern principles of <a href="Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a> were adopted in teaching <a href="Secular_education" title="Secular education">secular</a>, as well as Jewish, subjects. Hildesheimer initially introduced limited secular studies in the elementary school; the older students received a secular education as well, but with a focus on <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and other subjects that would enhance their understanding of <a href="Gemara" title="Gemara">gemara</a>.

</p><p>Next, Hildesheimer established a <a href="Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a>. The Yeshiva was unusual in that it was the only Orthodox institution where students were required to have a significant secular education before they were admitted. Also, the curriculum devoted time to studying <a href="Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanach</a> and the <a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a>. Despite this approach, within a few years the Yeshiva attracted a large number of pupils. After beginning with six students in 1851, the seminary had 128 students in 1868, including one from the United States. His son, Hirsch Hildesheimer, was a professor there.

</p><p>In 1869 the <a href="Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox minority</a> in Berlin was granted government permission to found a separate Orthodox synagogal congregation, the Israelite Synagogue Congregation Adass Jisroel in Berlin<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (extant from 1869 to 1939, and again since 1989), then comprising about 200 families. They were dissatisfied with Rabbi <a href="Joseph_Aub_(rabbi)" title="Joseph Aub (rabbi)">Joseph Aub</a>, appointed in 1867 by the <i>Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin</i> (till 1869 the only Jewish congregation in Berlin). Adass Jisroel chose Hildesheimer to represent them as an "Orthodox rabbi of standing". Here, he similarly established a religious school and a <a href="Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a> (<i>Rabbinerseminar für das orthodoxe Judenthum in Berlin</i> 1873–1880, then the name was shortened to <i>Rabbiner-Seminar zu Berlin</i>, known as the <a href="Hildesheimer_Rabbinical_Seminary" title="Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary">Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary</a>), which immediately attracted thirty former pupils. Hildesheimer was thus the real intellectual founder and leader of the <i>Adass Jisroel</i> congregation.

</p><p>Aided by <a href="Meyer_Lehmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Meyer Lehmann">Meyer Lehmann</a>, the editor of <i>Israelit</i> in <a href="Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> (Mayence), Hildesheimer "exerted his whole energy" in the fight against <a href="Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>. In 1861 he took his stand against <a href="Abraham_Geiger" title="Abraham Geiger">Abraham Geiger</a> by criticising Geiger, <i>Die Geiger'sche Broschüre Notwendigkeit und Maass einer Reform des jüdischen Gottesdienstes</i> (under the name variant Israel Hildesheimer, Mayence: Verlag der Le Roux'schen Hofbuchhandlung, 1861). (In fact, as early as 1847—as the representative of the communities in the <a href="Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> district—he had energetically opposed the Reform attempts of <a href="Ludwig_Philippson" title="Ludwig Philippson">Ludwig Philippson</a>.)

</p><p>Hildesheimer was "simple in his habits and fearless"; he had an unusual capacity for work; and his great Talmudic learning "was joined to practical administrative ability". He was financially independent, and never accepted remuneration for his rabbinical activity. He was frequently engaged in philanthropic activities connected with his own congregation, but additionally, "no labor was too great and no journey too long for him" in the service of the Jews of Germany, Austria, Russia, and even <a href="Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Abyssinia</a> and <a href="Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persia</a>, so that he came to be known as the "international <a href="Schnorrer" title="Schnorrer">schnorrer</a>". Hildesheimer also took a special interest in the welfare of the <a href="Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Jews of Palestine</a>. In 1860, when the <a href="Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> society of Palestine provided seventy free dwellings for homeless Jews, Hildesheimer himself built houses in Jerusalem for the free use of Jewish pilgrims and for the poor.

</p><p>Hildesheimer died in Berlin on 12 July 1899. His grave is preserved in the <a href="Wei%C3%9Fensee_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Weißensee Cemetery">Cemetery of the Synagogal Congregation of Adass Jisroel</a> on Wittlicher Straße, Berlin-Weißensee.

</p><p>In Israel, the <a href="Moshav" title="Moshav">moshav</a> (settlement) <a href="Azri'el" title="Azri'el">Azri'el</a> is named after him, as well as streets in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings">Writings</h3></div>

<p>Hildesheimer contributed articles to various journals and newspapers: the <i>Jüdische Presse</i>, <i>Ha-Lebanon</i>, <i>He-Chalutz</i> and <i>Archives Israélites</i>. During his lifetime he wrote his name in his books usually as Israel Hildesheimer. His son Hirsch was editor of the <i>Jüdische Presse</i>.

</p><p>Other writings include:

</p>

<ul><li>"Materialien zur Beurtheilung der Septuaginta", in: <i>Literaturblatt des Orients</i>, 1848, Nos. 30 et seq.;</li>

<li><i>Die Epitaphien der Grabsteine auf dem Hiesigen [of Halberstadt] Jüdischen Friedhofe</i>, 1846;</li>

<li><i>Verwaltung der Jüdischen Gemeinde Halberstadt</i>, Halberstadt: Dölle, 1849.</li>

<li><i>Offener Brief an den Redacteur der Monatsschrift "Ben-Chananja", Leopold Löv</i>, Vienna, 1858;</li>

<li><i>ספר מנחה טהורה: כולל דינים מהלכות מליחה נדה חלה והדלקה / Minchah Tehorah</i>, Solomon ben Moses Bonhard, Hildesheimer (ed.) Pressburg: 1860;</li>

<li><i>Halachoth gedoloth: nach dem Texte der Handschrift der Vaticana /הלכות גדולות : על פי כתב יד רומי</i>, with Simeon Ḳayara, Berlin: Itzkowski, 1888.</li>

<li><i>Hukkat HaPesach</i></li></ul>

<p>On the celebration of his seventieth birthday, in 1890, his friends and pupils published a literary <i><a href="Festschrift" title="Festschrift">Jubelschrift</a> zum siebzigsten Geburtstag des Dr. Israel Hildesheimer, Rabbiner und Rector des Rabbiner-Seminars zu Berlin: Gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern / Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שי למורה: מאמרי תורה ודעת מחוברים לאות תודה ואהבה מובלים להרב עזריאל הילדעסהיימער... ביום מלאת לו שבעים שנה לימי חייו, יום כ״ז אייר שנת תר״ן</span></i> (Berlin: H. Engel, 1890).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modernisation_within_Orthodoxy">Modernisation within Orthodoxy</h2></div>

<p>Hildesheimer is regarded as a pioneering "Moderniser" of <a href="Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> in Germany. He was insistent that for Orthodox Jews living in the <a href="Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>, there was no possibility to segregate oneself behind ghetto walls. On the contrary, he felt that modern Jewish education must teach Jews how best to confront and deal with modernity in all of its aspects <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.yutorah.org/_shiurim/%2FTU9%5FShapiro%2Epdf">[1]</a>.

</p><p>His firm conviction that traditional Judaism need have no fear of the light of <a href="European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European culture</a> determined his attitude and his activity in Hungary and Germany from the start, and gave him a definite aim. In an address delivered at his rabbinical seminary and defining his position he said:

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Unconditional agreement with the culture of the present day; harmony between Judaism and science; but also unconditional steadfastness in the faith and traditions of Judaism: these constitute the program of the New Community, the standard round which gather the Israelites of Berlin who are faithful to the Law.</p></blockquote>

<p>He thus undertook a variety of actions which render him a "modern" activist and institution-builder. The most important of these, as discussed above, are:

</p>

<ol><li>Jewish education for males and females which included both religious and secular studies.</li>

<li>The <a href="Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">seminary</a> which incorporated not only secular studies but academic scholarship.</li>

<li>Maintaining traditional Jewish attachments to the <a href="Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> and working with the non-Orthodox on its behalf.</li>

<li>Working with communal leaders, even non-Orthodox ones, on issues that affected the community, such as anti-Semitism and ritual slaughtering.</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox_opposition">Orthodox opposition</h3></div>

<p>The introduction into the Eisenstadt School of modern methods of education and of secular learning was resented by the <a href="Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a>. Hildesheimer's "liberal tendencies and sympathy with modern culture" soon changed this resentment "to positive antipathy". Eventually his Yeshiva was denounced before the representatives of the government at <a href="Oedenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Oedenburg">Oedenburg</a>, the result being that the Hungarian government ordered the school closed within twenty-four hours and the pupils removed from the city. Soon afterward (in 1858), however, Hildesheimer succeeded in obtaining state recognition for the Yeshiva. Interestingly, the Yeshiva also had opponents on the left: Reform saw it as a threat because its graduates would be equipped to defend Orthodoxy against Reform's inroads. In 1860, the “zealot” <a href="Akiva_Yosef_Schlesinger" title="Akiva Yosef Schlesinger">Akiva Yosef Schlesinger</a> placed Hildesheimer under a ban as "not truly a sincere Jew" ("<i>emessdiger Jüd</i>"). Hildesheimer, however, seems to have cared little for the ban.

</p><p>At the Hungarian Jewish Congress of 14 December 1868, Hildesheimer at first endeavored to associate himself with the existing Orthodox party. When the impossibility of this union became evident, he formed a separate group, with thirty-five followers, which has been described as "Cultured Orthodox". In the Hungarian Jewish Congress held at Budapest in 1869 he defined this party as representing a "faithful adherence to traditional teachings combined with an effective effort to keep in touch with the spirit of progress".

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a></li>

<li><a href="Torah_im_Derech_Eretz" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Torah im Derech Eretz</a></li>

<li><a href="Torah_Umadda" title="Torah Umadda">Torah Umadda</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFEllenson1990" class="citation book cs1">Ellenson, David Henry (1990). <i>Rabbi Esriel Hildesheimer and the creation of a modern Jewish orthodoxy</i>. Judaic studies series. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. p. 1. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8173-0485-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHildesheimer1965" class="citation book cs1">Hildesheimer, Ezriel (1965). <i>Briefe</i>. R. Mass. p. 294. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2660886">2660886</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adass Jisroel (= adas yissro'el) renders the Yiddish articulation of the Hebrew name in Latin letters according to their German pronunciation.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Esriel_Hildesheimer" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Esriel Hildesheimer">Esriel Hildesheimer</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Hildesheimer%2C%20Azriel%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Azriel%20Hildesheimer%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hildesheimer%2C%20Azriel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Azriel%20Hildesheimer%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hildesheimer%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Azriel%20Hildesheimer%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hildesheimer%2C%20Azriel%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Azriel%20Hildesheimer%22%29%20OR%20%28%221820-1899%22%20AND%20Hildesheimer%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Azriel Hildesheimer</a> at the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7693-hildesheimer-israel-azriel">"Hildesheimer, Israel (Azriel)"</a> by Isidore Singer, Max Schloessinger, <i><a href="The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judaism.org/learning/hamaayan/5762/korach.html">Rabbi Dr. Esriel Hildesheimer z"l: part 1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torah.org/learning/hamaayan/5762/pinchas.html">part 2</a>, hamaayan</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050306042702/http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/1820.htm">Azriel Hildesheimer</a>, jewishhistory.org.il</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yutorah.org/_shiurim/%2FTU9%5FShapiro%2Epdf">Rabbi Esriel Hildesheimer's Program of Torah u-Madda</a>, Marc B. Shapiro</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219212642/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_n1_v42/ai_13796421/print">Dilemmas of modern orthodoxy: sociological and philosophical</a>, Prof. Chaim I. Waxman</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.cjh.org/?pID=431099">Guide to the Esriel Hildesheimer Collection</a> at the <a href="Leo_Baeck_Institute%2C_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Baeck Institute, New York">Leo Baeck Institute, New York</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diejudischemfb219"><i>Die Jüdische Presse</i>, (B219)</a>, a digitized periodical founded by Hildesheimer, at the <a href="Leo_Baeck_Institute%2C_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Baeck Institute, New York">Leo Baeck Institute, New York</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Pre–World_War_II_European_Yeshivos290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_yeshivos_in_Europe_(before_World_War_II)" title="List of yeshivos in Europe (before World War II)">Pre–World War II European Yeshivos</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lithuania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Yeshivos" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivos">Yeshivos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kelm_Talmud_Torah" title="Kelm Talmud Torah">Kelm Talmud Torah</a></li>

<li><a href="Ponevezh_Yeshiva" title="Ponevezh Yeshiva">Ponevezh Yeshiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramailes_Yeshiva" title="Ramailes Yeshiva">Ramailes Yeshiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Yeshivas_Knesses_Yisrael_(Slabodka)" title="Yeshivas Knesses Yisrael (Slabodka)">Slabodka Yeshiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Telshe_Yeshiva" title="Telshe Yeshiva">Telshe Yeshiva</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Notable roshei yeshiva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Avraham_Yitzchak_Bloch" title="Avraham Yitzchak Bloch">Avraham Yitzchak Bloch</a></li>

<li><a href="Yosef_Leib_Bloch" title="Yosef Leib Bloch">Yosef Leib Bloch</a></li>

<li><a href="Moshe_Mordechai_Epstein" title="Moshe Mordechai Epstein">Moshe Mordechai Epstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Nosson_Tzvi_Finkel_(Slabodka)" title="Nosson Tzvi Finkel (Slabodka)">Nosson Tzvi Finkel</a></li>

<li><a href="Eliezer_Gordon" title="Eliezer Gordon">Eliezer Gordon</a></li>

<li><a href="Shlomo_Heiman" title="Shlomo Heiman">Shlomo Heiman</a></li>

<li>Tzvi Hersh Levitan</li>

<li><a href="Israel_Salanter" title="Israel Salanter">Israel Salanter</a></li>

<li><a href="Yitzchak_Isaac_Sher" title="Yitzchak Isaac Sher">Yitzchak Isaac Sher</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mashgiach_ruchani" title="Mashgiach ruchani">Notable mashgichim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Leib Chasman</li>

<li><a href="Meir_Chadash" title="Meir Chadash">Meir Chadash</a></li>

<li><a href="Dov_Tzvi_Heller" title="Dov Tzvi Heller">Dov Tzvi Heller</a></li>

<li>Ben Zion Kranitz</li>

<li><a href="Yeruchom_Levovitz" title="Yeruchom Levovitz">Yeruchom Levovitz</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belarus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Yeshivos" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivos">Yeshivos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Yeshiva_Ohel_Torah-Baranovich" title="Yeshiva Ohel Torah-Baranovich">Baranovich Yeshiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Grodno_Yeshiva" title="Grodno Yeshiva">Grodno Yeshiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Yeshivas_Knesses_Beis_Yitzchak-Kaminetz" title="Yeshivas Knesses Beis Yitzchak-Kaminetz">Kaminetz Yeshiva</a></li>

<li>Kobrin Yeshiva</li>

<li><a href="Mir_Yeshiva_(Belarus)" title="Mir Yeshiva (Belarus)">Mir Yeshiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Novardok_Yeshiva" title="Novardok Yeshiva">Novardok Yeshiva</a></li>

<li>Pinsk Yeshiva-Novardok</li>

<li><a href="Radin_Yeshiva" title="Radin Yeshiva">Radin Yeshiva</a></li>

<li>Slonim Yeshiva</li>

<li><a href="Slutsk-Kletsk_Yeshiva" title="Slutsk-Kletsk Yeshiva">Slutsk-Kletsk Yeshiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Volozhin_Yeshiva" title="Volozhin Yeshiva">Volozhin Yeshiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomchei_Tmimim" title="Tomchei Tmimim">Tomchei Tmimim</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Notable roshei yeshiva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Naftali_Zvi_Yehuda_Berlin" title="Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin">Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Eliezer_Yehuda_Finkel_(born_1879)" title="Eliezer Yehuda Finkel (born 1879)">Eliezer Yehuda Finkel</a></li>

<li><a href="Yosef_Yozel_Horwitz" title="Yosef Yozel Horwitz">Yosef Yozel Horwitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Yisrael_Meir_Kagan" title="Yisrael Meir Kagan">Yisrael Meir Kagan</a></li>

<li>Elya Baruch Kammai</li>

<li><a href="Aharon_Kotler" title="Aharon Kotler">Aharon Kotler</a></li>

<li>Moshe Landynski</li>

<li><a href="Boruch_Ber_Leibowitz" title="Boruch Ber Leibowitz">Boruch Ber Leibowitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Isser_Zalman_Meltzer" title="Isser Zalman Meltzer">Isser Zalman Meltzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Pesach_Pruskin" title="Pesach Pruskin">Pesach Pruskin</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Rappoport" title="David Rappoport">David Rappoport</a></li>

<li><a href="Shimon_Shkop" title="Shimon Shkop">Shimon Shkop</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaim_Soloveitchik" title="Chaim Soloveitchik">Chaim Soloveitchik</a></li>

<li><a href="Yitzchok_Zev_Soloveitchik" title="Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik">Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaim_Leib_Tiktinsky" title="Chaim Leib Tiktinsky">Chaim Leib Tiktinsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Naftoli_Trop" title="Naftoli Trop">Naftoli Trop</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaim_of_Volozhin" title="Chaim of Volozhin">Chaim of Volozhin</a></li>

<li><a href="Yitzhak_of_Volozhin" title="Yitzhak of Volozhin">Yitzhak of Volozhin</a></li>

<li><a href="Elchonon_Wasserman" title="Elchonon Wasserman">Elchonon Wasserman</a></li>

<li><a href="Shabsi_Yogel" title="Shabsi Yogel">Shabsi Yogel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mashgiach_ruchani" title="Mashgiach ruchani">Notable mashgichim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shlomo_Harkavy" title="Shlomo Harkavy">Shlomo Harkavy</a></li>

<li><a href="Yisroel_Yaakov_Lubchansky" title="Yisroel Yaakov Lubchansky">Yisroel Yaakov Lubchansky</a></li>

<li>Yosef Leib Nenedik</li>

<li><a href="Zalman_Dolinsky" title="Zalman Dolinsky">Zalman Dolinsky</a></li>

<li>Sheftel Kramer</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Yeshivos" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivos">Yeshivos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Keser_Torah_Radomsk" title="Keser Torah Radomsk">Keser Torah Radomsk</a></li>

<li><a href="Lomza_Yeshiva" title="Lomza Yeshiva">Lomza Yeshiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Chachmei_Lublin_Yeshiva" title="Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva">Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva</a></li>

<li>Mesivta of Warsaw</li>

<li><a href="Novardok_Yeshiva" title="Novardok Yeshiva">Novardok Yeshiva</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Aryeh_Tzvi_Frumer" title="Aryeh Tzvi Frumer">Aryeh Tzvi Frumer</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaakov_Yisrael_Kanievsky" title="Yaakov Yisrael Kanievsky">Yaakov Yisrael Kanievsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Meir_Dan_Plotzky" title="Meir Dan Plotzky">Meir Dan Plotzky</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Moshe_Rabinowicz" title="David Moshe Rabinowicz">David Moshe Rabinowicz</a></li>

<li><a href="Meir_Shapiro" title="Meir Shapiro">Meir Shapiro</a></li>

<li><a href="Avraham_Yoffen" title="Avraham Yoffen">Avraham Yoffen</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Moshe_Rosenstain" title="Moshe Rosenstain">Moshe Rosenstain</a></li>

<li>Yehuda Leib Nekritz</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slovakia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Yeshivos" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivos">Yeshivos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nitra_Yeshiva_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitra Yeshiva (Slovakia)">Nitra Yeshiva</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressburg_Yeshiva_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Pressburg Yeshiva (Austria-Hungary)">Pressburg Yeshiva</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Notable roshei yeshiva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Akiva Sofer</li>

<li><a href="Avraham_Shmuel_Binyamin_Sofer" title="Avraham Shmuel Binyamin Sofer">Avraham Shmuel Binyamin Sofer</a></li>

<li><a href="Moses_Sofer" title="Moses Sofer">Moses Sofer</a></li>

<li>Simcha Bunim Sofer</li>

<li><a href="Shmuel_Dovid_Ungar" title="Shmuel Dovid Ungar">Shmuel Dovid Ungar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western<br>Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Yeshivos" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivos">Yeshivos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gateshead_Talmudical_College" title="Gateshead Talmudical College">Gateshead Yeshiva</a></li>

<li>Heide Yeshiva</li>

<li><a href="Hildesheimer_Rabbinical_Seminary" title="Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary">Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary</a></li>

<li>Manchester Yeshiva</li>

<li>Montreaux Yeshiva</li>

<li><a href="Torah_Lehranstalt" title="Torah Lehranstalt">Torah Lehranstalt</a></li>

<li><a href="Yeshiva_of_Aix-les-Bains" title="Yeshiva of Aix-les-Bains">Yeshivas Chachmei Tzorfas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Notable roshei yeshiva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eliyahu_Botchko" title="Eliyahu Botchko">Eliyahu Botchko</a></li>

<li><a href="Solomon_Breuer" title="Solomon Breuer">Solomon Breuer</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Breuer" title="Joseph Breuer">Joseph Breuer</a></li>

<li>Chaim Yitzchok Chaiken</li>

<li><a href="David_Zvi_Hoffmann" title="David Zvi Hoffmann">David Zvi Hoffmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Avrohom_Eliyahu_Kaplan" title="Avrohom Eliyahu Kaplan">Avrohom Eliyahu Kaplan</a></li>

<li>Nachman Dovid Landinski</li>

<li>Moshe Yitzchak Segal</li>

<li>Shraga Feivel Shapiro</li>

<li><a href="Yechiel_Yaakov_Weinberg" title="Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg">Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Yeshivas_in_World_War_II" title="Yeshivas in World War II">Yeshivas in World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaad_HaYeshivos" title="Vaad HaYeshivos">Vaad HaYeshivos</a></li></ul>

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